Articular cartilage injuries are difficult to heal due to the avascular and aneural nature of cartilage tissue. Mechanical stimulation plays a crucial role in chondrogenesis, but traditional scaffolds often fail to mimic the bioelectrical cues generated by dynamic joint movement. Piezoelectric materials, which generate electric charges under mechanical stress, offer a smart and non-invasive solution to activate cellular pathways involved in cartilage repair. In this study, a piezoelectric scaffold composed of Zeolite and Hydroxyapatite (HA), termed PiezoCart, is developed to support cartilage regeneration. It utilizes human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and provides electrical stimulation in response to natural joint motion, thereby promoting chondrogenic differentiation and tissue repair.

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, leads to irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes and formation of scar tissue that disrupts the heart’s electrical conductivity and contractility. Traditional therapies only manage symptoms but fail to restore native tissue architecture and function. Tissue engineering approaches using electrically conductive hydrogels offer a promising solution by providing both structural support and electrical signaling to reestablish synchronized myocardial contraction.

Bone defects caused by trauma, infection, or tumor resection pose a significant clinical challenge, often requiring graft materials to facilitate effective healing. While autografts remain the gold standard, their limitations such as donor site morbidity and limited availability have driven research toward synthetic bone graft substitutes. Among them, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is widely recognized for its excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, it lacks sufficient mechanical strength and drug delivery capability.