In vitro evaluation of biomaterials provides a controlled environment to assess their physicochemical and biological performance before proceeding to in vivo or clinical applications. This stage is crucial for understanding how materials interact with cells, fluids, and biological stimuli. In vitro studies enable researchers to optimize formulations, investigate degradation profiles, evaluate drug release behavior, and determine cytocompatibility and bioactivity. A wide range of analytical tools and methodologies are applied to characterize the synthesized materials thoroughly. These include fabrication techniques tailored for specific applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering), mechanical and chemical testing, spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, and various chromatography-based techniques to confirm purity and composition.

The following subsections outline the fabrication strategies and comprehensive characterization methods used to evaluate the suitability of biomaterials for biomedical applications.

• Biomaterials
  • Fabrication
  • Drug delivery substrate
  • Tissue engineering scaffolds
  • Cell culture medium and substrate
• Characterization
  • Physical Properties
    • Rheology
    • Elasticity
    • Fatigue
    • Corrosion
    • Compression | Elongation
  • Chemical Properties
    • Swelling
    • Contact angle
  • Biomedical Characterization
    • Degradation | Biodegradation
    • Hemolysis
    • Erosion | Bioerosion
    • Drug loading | Release
  • Spectroscopic Analysis
    • FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy)
    • XRD | XRF | EDX
    • DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering)
    • Zeta Potential
    • EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy)
    • NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
    • UV-VIS (Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy)
    • TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis)
  • Microscopic Investigations
    • SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)
    • FESEM (Field Emission SEM)
    • TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)
    • AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy)
  • Chromatography Tests
    • HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography)
    • GC-MS | GC-FID | GC-HID
    • GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography)
    • Ion Chromatography